Research results can be so tricky and misleading, and almost always require further investigation. For example, Vitamin E studies have largely focused on a particular form of vitamin E (there are four) in isolation, which is rarely how it is found in foods. When taking Vitamin E it is best to take what is more commonly found naturally as “mixed tocopherols”, in conjunction with vitamin C. And folic acid, which is the synthetic form of folate, is actually better absorbed in supplement form as it does not require as much work for the body to break down.
Vitamin A has been found in research to be potentially toxic at very high doses for specific populations only– smokers or those who regularly consumed large amounts of polar bear liver, which we are probably not getting much of these days. So it is confusing to hear blanket statements that a vitamin is toxic. We really have to do a bit more digging to find out more specifics about the research: context, population, and form of the studied substance.
Although most vitamins are safe and non-toxic even at high doses for healthy people, it is ideal to get most of your vitamins and minerals from eating a plant-based, colorful, vegetable and fruit rich diet from organic sources as much as possible. Nature is not meant to be isolated, which is why multivitamins contain a wide range of vitamins and minerals, as they work best synergistically, like they occur in foods. This is true of many of those you asked about above including beta-carotene (a form of vitamin A) and copper.
Hope that clears things up more than muddies the water! Best! – Coach Zoe